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Gillette shows that the sciences of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology were undergoing rapid development in the early Twentieth century. However, many of the early researchers in these sciences were also eugenicists. With the rise of behaviourism and the reaction against eugenics in the 1930s, any scientific claims that behaviour might be influenced by heredity were suppressed for ideological reasons.
- Sales Rank: #3711576 in Books
- Published on: 2010-12-15
- Released on: 2010-12-15
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .57" w x 5.50" l, .70 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 224 pages
Review
"Gillette covers a development in intellectual history that, I believe, was formative in generating today's conventional wisdom about human nature, yet has scarcely been treated by historians of science. The book is well written and researched, and brings interesting new facts to light."
- Steven Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology, Harvard, and author of The Stuff of Thought
"In this book, Gillette conclusively demonstrates that the sociobiological revolution of the late 20th century was not nearly as revolutionary as most think. Anticipating the work of E. O. Wilson, Richard Dawkins, Robert Trivers, and others by half a century, the work of early 20th-century evolutionary psychologists nevertheless fell into obscurity for several reasons, not the least of which was its taint by association with the eugenics movement. This is a volume that will be of great use not just to students of the histories of psychology and eugenics, but also to those interested in the philosophy and sociology of science." - Kevin Kern, University of Akron
About the Author
Aaron Gillette is Assistant Professor of History, University of Houston-Downtown.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
An Excellent Work on a Complex Subject in the History of Science
By Roger D. Launius
In the early twentieth century a convergence of ideas swirling around sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and eugenics led to an argument that heredity had essentially no place in the shaping of character. Instead of nature, it was all about nurture. This stood in marked contrast to earlier arguments about the primacy of nature, heredity, and genetics in determining who would succeed and who would fail in life. In this study by Aaron Gillette, this subject is explored through an historical lens.
At the start of the twentieth century eugenics was viewed as a pseudoscience, but over time it gained credence as a theory that when applied judiciously could consciously guide human evolution and therefore remake humanity along lines desired by powerful societies. Springing from that belief sprang a range of efforts to establish desirable/undesirable traits and to select for those through selective reproduction. In such a setting eugenics emerged in such places as Nazi Germany as a solution to a variety of perceived societal ills. These raised, of course, profound moral, ethical, and religious questions; some scientists and other leaders rejected the idea while others embraced eugenics as a means of reengineering the world in a scientific, logical manner.
Eugenics lost its appeal through the radical experiments of fascist societies, of course, but there were all along some who argued that environment was more important to a person's key attributes than genetics. The nature-nurture debate was born out of this debate and it raged throughout the twentieth century. On the one side was the morass of deeply troubling issues associated with eugenics, repelling Western science and pushing it toward environmental explanations for character. On the other side, scientists of genetics noted the very real aspects of heredity and how it might be effectively mobilized for positive ends.
In the 1950s a new generation of scientists, led by Edward O. Wilson presented a new take on the "nature" theory called sociobiology. It sparked its own response, "evolutionary psychology," that emerged in the 1980s, and the nature-nurture debate arose once again.
Aaron Gillette's very fine study explores this subject in "Eugenics and the Nature-Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century." In addition to being a critically important topic in the history of science in its own right, this study goes far toward explaining a key aspect of ideology and science. In doing so it offers a uniquely valuable discussion of a complex but significant topic.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
A great history of evolutionary psychology and sociobiology.
By Amazon Customer
Aaron Gillette states in the Introduction, "This book will examine the vicissitudes of the nature-nurture debate of the twentieth century, and the ideological underpinnings of the debate. On the broader scale, it will consider the extent to which science, in its "real world" context, was driven by ideological imperatives in the twentieth century." He also adds, "Contrary to what we might wish to believe, science does not always follow clear paths illuminated by reason. Certainly the nature-nurture debate of the early twentieth century stands out as an example of science guided by ideological preconceptions. Rivalries, hatreds, and insinuations poisoned the science of human behavior in the years after World War I."
In this remarkable little book Gillette has documented the beguiling history of the relationship between the pseudo-science of eugenics and the legitimate science of evolutionary psychology. Additionally, Gillette records the scientific battles between a veritable "who's who" of the scientific community. Indeed, before Edward O. Wilson [On Human Nature: Revised Edition], before Steven Pinker [The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature], before Robert Wright [The Moral Animal: Why We Are, the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology], and before Matt Ridley [The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture], there was Niko Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, Karl von Frisch, and Robert Yerkes. Gillette discusses the suppression of solid scientific findings by the early Sociobiologists by the early Environmental Behaviorists (Franz Boas, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Margaret Mead, et al); "By the mid-1920's, the twin currents of culture-oriented anthropology and behavioristically oriented psychology joined to form the torrent of environmental behaviorism that would soon sweep over the American academic world. Both groups were united in supplanting the concept of instinct with that of "habit"; and in stressing the greater explanatory power of cultural and social environment over biology in understanding human behavior. Both had sneaking suspicions that biological explanations of human behavior were inherently racist."
In conclusion, this book neatly summarizes the early history of eugenics and evolutionary psychology in a succinct manner that, to my mind, neither is overly simplified, nor overly long. Gillette has done a fine job of explaining why and how eugenics finally ceased as a scientific endeavor; "The horrors of World War II effectively buried any scientific interest that remained in eugenics or in evolutionary psychology. Realization of the full extent of the Nazi eugenic program, and its clear association with the Holocaust, seemed to suggest that it was immoral to support evolutionary psychology as it was to support eugenics. Virtually all the remaining eugenic organizations in the United States were quietly closed down by Frederick Osborn after the war. Most of the research work on human behavior accomplished by scientists identified as eugenicists was forgotten, regardless of whether the work was eugenic in nature or not." For those interested in the nature-nurture debate, I believe this is an exceptional compendium.
Some modern works that cover the Nature-Nurture debate include: The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of "Nature vs. Nurture", Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained, and Human Nature: Fact and Fiction: Literature, Science and Human Nature.
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